Observation of a Toddler (Lifespan) Essay

Abstract I observed Harper, a 23 month old little girl that is full of energy. Also participating in the interaction with Harper was her mother and five year old sister, Mya. Harper is very friendly and outgoing. She is very interested â€Å"reading books† and loves to be read to. She enjoys helping her mother clean and do simple tasks. She seems to be very confident with and without her mother in her sight. Harper’s father is not actively involved in her life because he lives in another state. Observation of a Toddler 1. Harper is a 23 month old little girl. She is 34 inches tall and weighs approximately 27 pounds. She has blonde hair and blue eyes and a very pretty smile. 2. Harper’s gross motor skills are normative. She is able to walk, squat and run with ease. She can go up and down stairs one at a time all by herself and according to her mother she is â€Å"reasonably bowel trained† although she has nighttime accidents. Harper’s fine motor skills are also normative. She can throw a ball overhand, handle a spoon well, turns pages in her book and washes her hands. The skills Harper has are normative because they are in sync with other toddlers her age. Our book states â€Å"By 18-24 months, toddlers can walk quickly or run stiffly for short distance, walk backward without losing their balance, stand and kick a ball without falling, stand and throw a ball and jump in place†(Santrock, 2011, p. 129). a. Harper ZPD was in the upper limit. She had to be told to pull down her pants when she went to potty; but didn’t need to be told to wipe and pull her pants up. Her mother scaffolded by telling her what to do initially and letting her figure the rest out for herself. 3. Harper has mastered five substages. She is currently in Piaget’s sixth substage of sensorimotor development, Internalization of schemes. She loves to play with her kitchen and pretends to do dishes. She has learned this from watching her mother. She also engages in imaginative play with her sister. 4. Harper is very vocal and expresses herself very well. She has trouble with the L phenome and pronounces the letter L as a W. Example: She says wap instead of lap. She likes to listen to stories and responds with â€Å"what’s that?† and â€Å"Why†. She uses syntax. She understands the meaning of most words. Example: Her mother said â€Å"do you love mommy† and Haper replied â€Å"yes† the mother asked â€Å"how much† and Harper replied â€Å"sixty dollars†. 5. Harper had an easy temperament. She was very happy and easy to please. She was also easily redirected when her sister took her toy. 6. Harper was gender type was supported because she loves to wear dresses, play with dolls, loves the color pink, and loves princesses. While Harper is quite the girly girl she also likes to get dirty and kick the ball with her neighbor. 7. I would describe Harper as a securely attached child. When her mother left to run to the store to give me some alone time with her she seemed a little scared and wanted to go with her mother. Her mother was gone for approximately 15 minutes and Harper was fine after her mother was out of sight and didn’t seem to notice much when her mother returned. She continued to play with her toys and barely looked up. 8. When Harper hit her sister Harper’s mother used negative punishment to discipline her. She made her sit in a time out for two minutes and she was unable to play with her sister or her toys. She was also told if she hit her sister again she would have to go to bed immediately and would not be able to play with her sister for the rest of the night. Harper’s mother also used positive punishment by telling Harper that only mean girls hit and that she was being bad. At first, Harper responded by crying. However, she displayed compliance by sitting her in time out chair by herself and staying there until her mother told her that is was okay for her to get up. This combination of negative and positive punishment seemed to work as there no more episodes of bad behavior during my observation. 9. Harper is currently in the stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. In this stage â€Å"The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc†(McLeod, 2008, para. 4). Harper likes to pick out her own clothes and expresses that she likes dolls and the color pink and that she does not like to eat beans. She is on her way to achieving the virtue of will by expressing her likes and dislikes. Harper has mastered the previous stage of Trust vs. Mistrust and has achieved the virtue of hope. She is very comfortable with her surroundings and a very easy child. She does not appear to have a heightened anxiety or agitation even when her mother in out of her sight. She easily warms up to others and has a very sunny disposition. References McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosocial stages. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span development (13th ed.). Ny, Ny: McGraw-Hill.

Incremental Analysis Essay

Incremental in comprehensive analyses both serve similar purposes in decision making in the workplace. The argument is that incremental is more economical than and just as effective as comprehensive analyses. Since both are used to make important decisions within a company, which one will serve the best purpose while still being justifiable and cost effective to complete? Both will complete the same task, but one will do it better and we will be explaining why incremental analyses are the better ones to use. Incremental Analysis Incremental analysis is important and standardized approach to determine various business decisions concerning cost and revenue. This tool is very crucial and time saving; it leads in a systematic way to identify the probable effects of decisions on future earnings in order to make better decisions concerning the profitability of the company. Management utilizes incremental analysis to identify relevant information related to costs and revenues associated and impacted by the decision; this information is further compared to make the most profitable decision. Examples of decisions best made through incremental analysis include – whether to accept an order at special price, make-or-buy, sell or process further, retain or replace equipment, eliminate an unprofitable segment decision and allocate limited resources, and decisions (Kimmel et.al, 2011). Comprehensive Analysis Comprehensive analysis is the financial term used for evaluating every financial detail of the entire operation in a company. The purpose of conducting comprehensive analysis is to determine a company’s present financial position as well as its expected financial standing in the future. In conducting comprehensive analysis, both current and historical fiscal reports must be collected to analyze the status of the company’s investments. These reports are also needed to calculate the financial ratios of different companies. Determining the financial ratios is the next step when conducting comprehensive analysis as these ratios will determine the company’s performance and its effectiveness. The ratios will give a snap shot of the company’s overall financial condition, strengths and weaknesses of its financial activities which will help creditors and investors decide  whether company is worth investing in. And finally, compare the company’s ratio, to the ratio of another organization with similar production processes to determine if the company will succeed or needs enhancement. Disagree/ or Agree According to our research we have come to an agreement that Incremental Analysis is the best decision and focus tool that we have. The reasoning is because it reveals faster results and cost less. Another two are when reports are shown and analysis are done it reveals the same results. It also focus on a specific subject or topic. Incremental analysis also pulls reports and help management make decisions whether to accept orders, to make a product or purchase, sell and process products furthers, or even the retaining and replacement of equipment that are used by the business. References JIm, B., & Hughes, M.C. (2014, April). What is comprehensive analysis. Wise Geek, (). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-comprehensive-analysis.htm Virtual Advisors Inc. (2011) Analyzing your financial ratios retrieved from http://www.bbt.com/bbtdotcom/business/small-business-resource-center/growing-a-business/financial-ratios.page

Global Warming and Photosynthesis Essay

Introduction: Photosynthesis can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. It represents a sink for carbon dioxide in the environment. Reducing forests and other vegetation can produce a net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Therefore, more photosynthesis might act to reduce global warming. On the other hand, this is a more complicated title than it appears at first. Photosynthesis: The process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct. the reaction of this process: Chlorophillian pigment 6H2O + 12CO2 + S.E ———————–> C6H12O6+ 6O2 + 6H2O Easily, we can explain the reaction like 6 molecules of water plus, 12 molecules of Carbon Dioxide plus Sun energy, cross with chlorophillian pigment, in the product we have glucose, plus oxygen, plus water. We can put so briefly the process saying that the organisms use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, The conversion of no usuable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. Most of the time, the photosynthetic process uses water and release the oxygen that we absolutely must have to stay alive Importance of the photosynthesis: Animals and plants both synthesize fats and proteins from carbohydrates; thus  glucose is a basic energy source for all living organisms. The oxygen released (with water vapor, in transpiration) as a photosynthetic byproduct, principally of phytoplankton, provides most of the atmospheric oxygen vital to respiration in plants and animals, and animals in turn produce carbon dioxide necessary to plants. Photosynthesis can therefore be considered the ultimate source of life for nearly all plants and animals by providing the source of energy that drives all their metabolic processes Global warming concept: is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises). It happens when carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature. Global warming process: Some gases in the air are called â€Å"greenhouse gases†. These are gases, like water vapor and carbon dioxide, that are transparent to visible light (from the Sun), but absorb infrared light (from the Earth). When visible light from the Sun hits the earth, it zips through the atmosphere, hits the earth, and warms the earth. The earth emits some of this energy back out into space, keeping the planet cool. But the energy we emit is in the infrared, and some of that is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the air instead of going back out into space. When that happens, the air gets warmer — and the planet as a whole gets warmer too. We humans used to burn wood for fuel. When we burned wood, the carbon dioxide we were releasing was the same carbon dioxide that the tree extracted from the air when it was growing; so the net effect was zero: as long was we planted a new tree to take the place of the old one, no â€Å"extra† carbon dioxide got into the air. How does photosynthesis affect global warming? Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and is caused by greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The more greenhouse gases there are, the warmer the Earth gets. The warmer the  Earth gets, the bigger the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface. So, more global warming means more greenhouse gases which means more carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Therefore more global warming equals to more carbon dioxide which means more more photosynthesis to make food(for the plants). Thus, global warming may be good for plants, but if you consider all the negative effects it has on the Earth, the negative effects outweigh the positive ones, definitely. When I was doing my research I saw that now the scientist wants to contrarest the global warming with artificial photosynthesis, that this is a new study that they opened to make possible the artificial plants for future time, when the photosynthesis that we have here it will not eough.Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Process of photosynthesis: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm Importance of Photosynthesis — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/photosynthesis-importance-photosynthesis.html#ixzz2ElihlMFm Photosynthesis concept: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/photosynthesis http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_photosynthesis_affect_global_warming

Cognitive Processes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cognitive Processes Paper - Essay Example Some processes result from the conscious mind whereas others are because of the sub-conscious mind (Ohta, MacLeod, and Uttl, 2005). Many cognitive processes affect storage, retrieval, and application of knowledge and information. One of these processes is attention. Attention is the ability to create a total focus or center concentration on one specific thing in the surrounding while ignoring the rest. The ability to pay attention is essential in obtaining details, clear description, and understanding. Without focusing on one thing at time, the human mind wanders to other subjects and may miss important details. Attention allows the brain to see things more vividly and clearly. Studies show that the brain can filter and focus on just one source of data while putting other sources on hold. The sources of data are the five senses. Attention is a cognitive process that one can learn. Majority of individuals have to train their brains on creating a focus to a single source of information at a time. Lack of attention causes the mind to capture fewer details as it divides the focus among the different sources. People with a high degree of attention perceive maximum details from the data source. There are different types of attention exhibited at different times. An individual working on a task for a long time will require sustained attention. An individual exercising sustained attention does not take breaks from the assignment at hand but keeps concentrating on it. An individual can learn this type of attention over time. At other times, an individual exercises selective attention. He or she must choose to stay on the task even when there are sources of possible distractions. The individual chooses to put the distractions on hold to attend to the task. Different circumstances force an individual to consider distractions passive and concentrate on the task actively. Some individuals can exercise divided attention while handling multiple tasks. Whether the

Are e-cigarettes a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking Should Research Paper

Are e-cigarettes a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking Should they be used as nicotine replacement - Research Paper Example tes is the smoke that is emitted during smoking, e-cigarettes are seem to be effective since they do not burn to produce smoke and the amount of chemicals they emit is a fraction of what the regular cigarette emits (Caponnetto, Russo et al., 2014). Electronic cigarettes are environment friendly since they are free of smoke, produce no ash, and there is no risk of causing a fire. The paper discusses the differences between regular cigarettes and electronic cigarettes and will suggest possible advantages of the electronic cigarettes for human health. Electronic cigarettes have been described as healthy alternatives to tobacco cigarettes by their producers. As tobacco addiction is reported to be one of the leading causes of preventable premature deaths due to numerous cases of cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung and ischemic heart disease, more and more smokers are concerned about their health (Caponnetto et al., 2013). Electronic cigarettes have gained enormous popularity among the smokers who want to get rid of tobacco addiction. Electronic cigarettes, also referred as vaporizer cigarettes, due to their specific construction do not cause such heavy health dangers, and thus they tend to be less harmful than tobacco smoking (Etter, 2010). These cigarettes release minimal water vapor that does not include nicotine, and, therefore, it is considered to be safe for human health. Small batteries usually power the e-cigarette, and the not only healthier but also more convenient for smokers. This paper examines what e-c igarettes are made of and makes the research on the advantages of using e-cigarettes instead of regular cigarettes. It also focuses on the fact that e-cigarettes are healthy and users who want to quit smoking can use them as an efficient replacement of nicotine. E-cigarettes are effective since the individuals who want to keep on smoking can easily do it in public, and it will have no effects on the non-smokers. Even though e-cigarettes

Issus on Populr Journlism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Issus on Populr Journlism - Essay Example In rÐ µcÐ µnt timÐ µs Ð ° numbÐ µr of issuÐ µs Ð °nd notions hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °ppÐ µÃ °rÐ µd in thÐ µ fiÐ µld of journÐ °lism Ð °s its dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt hÐ °vÐ µ broÐ °dÐ µn Ð °nd gÐ °inÐ µd morÐ µ Ð °rÐ µÃ °s to discovÐ µr. OnÐ µ of such issuÐ µs rÐ µfÐ µrs to tÐ °bloidisÐ °tion which is Ð ° tÐ µrm frÐ µquÐ µntly usÐ µd in journÐ °lism Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. JournÐ °lists, mÐ µdiÐ ° critics Ð °nd Ð °cÐ °dÐ µmics Ð °pply this tÐ µrm to chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrizÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µnt trÐ µsnds in thÐ µ mÐ °ss mÐ µdiÐ °. Ð ° shift to nÐ µw Ð °nd morÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrtÐ °ining kinds of journÐ °listic contÐ µnt with thÐ µ dominÐ °ncÐ µ of visuÐ °l prioritiÐ µs ovÐ µr thÐ µ vÐ µrbÐ °l tÐ µstifiÐ µs thÐ µ involvÐ µmÐ µnt of tÐ °bloidisÐ °tion. ThÐ µ shift in thÐ µ kind of lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ usÐ µd, Ð °nd thÐ µ strÐ µss upon thÐ µ sÐ µnsÐ °tionÐ °l Ð °nd thÐ µ Ð µmotivÐ µ, Ð °nd thÐ µ incrÐ µÃ °sing dominÐ °tion of visuÐ °lly dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µd discoursÐ µ, undÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ °cÐ µ of rÐ µÃ °son. Ð °t thÐ µir most Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µ, critics of tÐ °bloidisÐ °tion sÐ µÃ µ it Ð °s onÐ µ mÐ °jor Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt provoking Ð ° crisis of public lifÐ µ thÐ °t is Ð µroding thÐ µ bÐ °sis of dÐ µmocrÐ °cy. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ thosÐ µ who Ð °rguÐ µ thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ is littlÐ µ or no Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ for growing tÐ °bloidisÐ °tion, Ð °nd thÐ °t thÐ µ trÐ °ditionÐ °l functions of thÐ µ mÐ °ss mÐ µdiÐ ° continuÐ µ to bÐ µ dischÐ °rgÐ µd Ð °t lÐ µÃ °st Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s thÐ µy hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn in thÐ µ pÐ °st. OthÐ µrs wÐ µlcomÐ µ thÐ µ sprÐ µÃ °d of tÐ °bloidisÐ °tion, which thÐ µy sÐ µÃ µ Ð °s broÐ °dÐ µning Ð °nd dÐ µmocrÐ °tizing thÐ µ contÐ µnt of thÐ µ mÐ °ss mÐ µdiÐ °. ThÐ µ old wÐ °ys of thÐ µ mÐ µdiÐ ° wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µrvÐ µ of Ð °n Ð µlitÐ µ minority.

History of Sports in Germany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Sports in Germany - Research Paper Example It is headed by the German Football Federation, which was founded back in year 1900 in Leipzig. It was made up of representatives of 86 German clubs and Dr. F. Hueppe was elected as the pioneer chairman to this football association. Moments after it was created, football rose in popularity in Germany and to this there was the 1903 German Cup as well as the 1908’s national games. However, after the WWII, subsequent to the annexing of Austria by Hitler, the football association’s leadership was taken over by the officials of the Nazi Party. Following the period of the WWII, the German Football National Team was barred from taking part in the international competitions. This ban lasted, until its 1949’s lifting just prior the founding of the First Republic of Germany. In year 1963, there was the forming of the Bundesliga and its first match was played in August of 1963. The German Football National Team continued gaining ground in terms of popularity as well. As per 2011 the Football Association of Germany was composed of 26,000 clubs, about 170,000 teams and well above 2 million players taking part in football actively. Notable is the fact that it is one of the biggest football associations in the globe. (oleole.com, 2011) Soccer is popular in the US but not as it is in Germany. For instance; as Getchell puts it, German soccer is more advanced while compared to that of the US. Germany is said to play a more coordinated and smoother soccer as Hirte puts it in this article by Getchell. The US soccer has not borrowed much from the German soccer, but it has a lot to borrow if need be. (Getchell, 2008) The setting in of basketball in Germany was from around the 1950s. Germany, afterwards participated in the European Championships of Basketball in year 1951, which took place in Paris. Germany attained position 12 out of the 18 participants. Success never went to West Germany until the German reunion of 1990. Before this reunion the East Germans did not have any interests for this game. In year 1993, the German basketball team emerged victorious in that year’s European Championships and was as well voted the ‘Team of the Year’ courtesy of the national press. Afterwards, Germany has become the first runners up in the year 2005’s Championships of Europe and third in the 2002 global Championships. America has not really borrowed a lot from the German Basketball sports but rather contributed to its growth. As a matter of fact the first step towards German Basketball development was made by a teacher from the US by the name Naismith James who invented the sport in the country in the year 1951. These two nations have continued to learn from each other as regards the sport. (basketball-bund.de, 2011) Before 1895, when William Morgan invented a new sport known as volleyball, there was the German sport by the name Faustball invented in 1891. Therefore, William’s invention included the German Faustball, handball, baseball, tennis and basketball as a combination. In America, it was not until 1928, that the sport of volleyball started to be professionally managed by new US Volleyball Association. (essortment.com, 2011) Volleyball continued to grow in popularity and with time it became a bit more strategic as a sport. There came about the defensive and offensive schemes, and set-and-spike among others. The East Germany volleyball team employed some these skills and managed to dominate the sport in the whole

[Astronomy subject] The Galaxy Zoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

[Astronomy subject] The Galaxy Zoo - Essay Example The website has marvellous pictures of different type of galaxies, and it provides information and questionnaire related to the behaviour of galaxies, their shape and color in the space. The GalaxyZoo website provides many interesting facts about the galaxies and the Universe. The database of the website provides an insight into galaxies and its evolution. The database stores about 250,000 samples of galaxies and the members are given a set of questions which are based on pictures of these galaxies. The visitors can take part in the questionnaire, which is based on the images of the galaxies. The visitors to the website have to look at the image and answer the questions based on his/her interpretation of the image. Some of the questions which are being studied are The various researches showed the nature of galaxies such as the information related to the shapes, colours. It was assumed the color of galaxy was red and its shape was elliptical. However, it has been interpreted from the images of GalaxyZoo that one-third of galaxies are red spirals and a larger number of elliptical galaxies are blue -- which are in the process of forming new stars. Earlier it was assumed that galaxies spin in opposite directions but research on pictures found that the two galaxies which are nearby, spin in the same direction, instead of opposite directions. This can be used to interpret the spinning behavior of galaxies. The research on galaxy disks showed the galaxies have larger contraction (bulges) which are central to redder disk galaxies. The research on disk galaxies with smaller central concentration is also significant in this context. In the process of explaining the behavior of galaxies, GalaxyZoo found numerous new things in space which were called Galaxy Zoo peas. Certain blue objects were noticed in some images, which were named Voorwerp by the members of GalaxyZoo. GalaxyZoo is the website which was launched in July 2007. It was based on the data set generated from

Unit 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 6 - Assignment Example When looking at the Chapel from outside, you get a totally different impression due to the imposing defensive structure that causes some fear with its menacing ramparts and powerful walls. It looks like an old strongbox that is guarding a treasure. From the outside, it is massive and powerful while inside it is rich in unimaginable and extraordinary masterpieces. The creative force that brought all the beauty and fame is the supreme genius of Michelangelo and all the amazing work he was capable of doing to come up with this artistic miracle. Normally, all the artists of that time used to complete their artwork being assisted by their assistants. The master worked on the certain parts personally while he left the apprentices to do the minor details (Forty, 2014). It is not the case with Sistine Chapel since all the beauty is the complete work of one person. When closely looking at the Sistine Chapel, the viewer may relate the chapel to the Basilica of St. Peter that was designed by Mi chelangelo with help from other artists. The Basilica is the main point for the Vatican and maybe one of the great examples of Renaissance architecture. Sistine Chapel is built using the design of biblical building. Although it has been in existence for many years, it was restored under Pope Sixtus IV’s patronage. Its layout and dimensions are based on the biblical descriptions of Solomon’s Temple in the Old Testament. The Chapel does not have the processional front door, and it has no way from outside or inside unless you pass through Papal palace. The Chapel has been synonymous with the artwork done by Michelangelo, though he worked on the frescos only, but the rest of the Chapel was decorated by artists like Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli, and Domenico Ghirlandaio (King, 2014). According to the movie ‘The Agony and the Ecstacy’, Rex Harrison and Charlton Heston maintained the myth that Michelangelo and his helpers

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Summarize - Essay Example The recommendation on insight strategy and solution was to improve on this area by getting more information by reading business publications, look for external opportunities for discussing and sharing business strategies and work on other ways of expanding my understanding of business. The recommendation on leading HR insists on engaging the workers more and using both internal and external outputs to develop vision for the HR department that should act as the focus for activities in this department. In organization design, there is need to focus on developing organizational structures which not only help in the achievement of the short term goals but whose application will lead to the realization of the company long-term goals. In general, what the recommendation focus on is the integration of all the areas of the organization. There is no department that can exist on its own and they all depend or affect each other in one way or the other. As such, when making decision concerning a particular area the internal and external factors should be considered. Moreover the various departments should be coordinated such that they help in the realization of a common goal. The organization should also be responsive to external factors which can make a company succeed or

Leadership characteristics of a successful entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Leadership characteristics of a successful entrepreneur Essay Successful entrepreneurs are specialized types of leaders that have a definite set of leadership characteristics that make them good at what they domotivate people. Successful entrepreneurs are usually very focused in their vision and are immersed in making their venture successful. A good entrepreneur uses a dynamic and charismatic approach to motivate their employees to feel the same sort of feelings of success that he or she feels towards the ultimate success of the business. Howard Shultz, the founder of Starbucks Corporation, uses a dynamic leadership style, charismatic personality and vision to propel Starbucks as the premiere specialty coffee house in America, and is well on the way to becoming the global name for specialty coffee houses. Entrepreneurs, by the very nature of the definition, are self-starters that are highly motivated to make their business successful. Most people that start their own business do so because they have the personal drive to put their own ideas into a business venture. It takes a very motivated individual with personal convictions to make a business become a profitable and successful business. Obviously, if a person has enough gumption to take the steps to start their own business, then they are, by nature, very motivated individuals that want to make their project succeed. People who are not highly motivated will not become entrepreneurs or will more than likely fail if they try to make a half-hearted attempt to start their own business. To make a business succeed requires a vision of where the company should be after a specific time period. All entrepreneurs know in their mind what they would like their business to be in one year or five years or ten years. Successful entrepreneurs have a focused vision of what steps need to be taken to make their business succeed. The very best entrepreneurs are not only motivated themselves, but are able to spread their motivation to others through a charismatic leadership approach. People that become successful entrepreneurs have the ability to make those around them get excited about the business, just like they are. If the people that work in a company are motivated to work towards making the company a success, then the company has a much better chance of becoming successful. All entrepreneurs are excited about their own business, but not  all of them can get the people that work for them just as excited. A dynamic entrepreneur is able to motivate others to want to produce a better product or service because they provide the employees with motivation and direction. Motivation is probably the single most important factor that an entrepreneur can provide to their employees, but creating a shared vision for all to work for is almost equally important. People will work harder for a company that has ideals and principles that they also believe in and share. Successful entrepreneurs are able to create a vision for the company; they provide a goal or ideal that employees and the public in general can relate to. By having a vision or ideal that the company is striving for, each employee feels that they are performing a vital function that eventually leads to the final goal. Employees will work hard to achieve a goal if they feel that a goal is worthwhile or somehow makes the world a better place. Companies usually state these in mission statements, with variations for whatever the company holds as an ideal, such as environmentalism or community service. Howard Shultz, founder of Starbucks, is a very motivated individual that has a vision of what he would like Starbucks to become. The fact that Shultz coordinated 150 new Starbucks openings between 1987 and 1992 shows that he was very motivated to make Starbucks a national and eventually international success. Shultzs vision for Starbucks has facilitated the opening of over 3,300 stores worldwide and Starbucks continues to grow at an extremely rapid pace. Along with charisma and motivation, Howard Shultz possesses many leadership attributes, which make him a very successful leader and motivator. Shultz knows how to make people feel like they are doing something important. Selling coffee is not a vital function that is needed for life, but Shultz has made selling coffee seem important to those that work for Starbucks. Shultz created a policy that Starbucks will only purchase organically grown coffee beans. This one policy makes Starbucks seem like they are performing a service to the world by creating a market for coffee beans that arent responsible for damaging the environment. Environmentalists and even non-environmentalists agree that this is a good thingeven noble. The  people that sell the Starbucks product feel a sense of pride for doing something for the environment. Starbucks also does other things that have the same effect, but on different populations. Starbucks has a program that builds schools, community centers, etc, in the communities that Starbucks buys its coffee beans from. This type of activity appeals especially to socially conscious people that get reward from knowing that Starbucks is giving something back to the community from which the coffee beans are taken. Another program, called the Urban Coffee Opportunities, offers inner city entrepreneurs an opportunity to bring a Starbucks to an inner city neighborhood in the hopes that a Starbucks business can spark financial growth and future business opportunities for inner city areas. This program also appeals to the socially conscious and creates a sense that Starbucks really cares about people and their communities. These programs are definitely good ideas and greatly enrich the lives of the people that they touch, but also serve as a basis to motivate employees as well as customers of Starbucks, which creates a better product and more sales for Starbucks. References http://h18004.www1.hp.com/products/customer_stories/starbucks.html; Accessed 10 Feb. 2004 http://www.starbucks.com/; Accessed 10 Feb. 2004

Gender Issues in Sri Lanka Essay Example for Free

Gender Issues in Sri Lanka Essay Gender issues In general, when considering third world countries, most would say that they have some very similar characteristics. Third world countries are often thought of as places that are impoverished, have significantly high birthrates, are economically dependent on advanced countries, and have not evolved socially in regards to equal rights issues. Although many of these characteristics do apply to Sri Lanka, the latter has definitely evoked some discussion on the topic of gender issues in underdeveloped countries. Issues such as decision making in the household, educated women and their role in society, and attitudes towards women in employment will be discussed. As stated earlier, most would agree that from a distant perspective Sri Lanka would seem to be socially underdeveloped in regards to equal rights. One way that this misconception is debunked is by looking at the roles of male and female in the household. There are many variables to take into consideration when looking at roles of family members and who has the balance of power; for instance, if the wife is working or not could be considered at both ends of the scale. If she is working than her husband may feel that because she is making a financial contribution she has more of a right to make important economic decisions that may effect the family. On the other hand he may feel as though her being away from the children is a detriment to their upbringing, and in turn is placing a burden upon the family leaving the wife with few domestic decisions. Another variable that has to be considered is if the residence is with the husbands family or if it is with the wifes family. In this case one would assume that whichever house was being resided in would have the balance of the say towards family decisions. The last variable that will be considered is that of marital duration. Does a longer marriage necessarily mean that the financial and domestic decisions of the household will become split evenly between the husband and wife? The answers to these questions were the focus of a study conducted by Anju Malhotra and Mark Mather in 1992. The study showed that when the wives were working, regardless of whether or not they shared their wages or kept them, they had an increase say on financial matters. However, the domestic decisions were not nearly as great, especially if the wages earned by the wife were kept for herself (Malhotra et al. 1997: 620). When looking at the balance of power in regards to household arrangement, the study found that the wife had almost no say on financial matters when living at the husbands parents house but did have some say on domestic issues. The opposite it true for when the family resided at the wifes parents house. The wife typically had a significant say on financial and domestic matters with the latter outweighing the two (Malhotra et al. 1997: 620). As far as marital duration is concerned, it seems as though as the family grows together there is somewhat of a role reversal. The husband becomes more concerned with domestic matters and the wife takes some responsibility for the financial decisions (Malhotra et al. 1997:620). These findings led my research group to believe that the people of Sri Lanka are generally very similar to those of western societies in regards to household decisions. Education is not something we think about when speaking about developing countries, many assume that it is just not an option for underprivileged people. Although that is the unfortunate truth that effects many third world countries, it does seem that Sri Lanka is on its way to recovering itself. For many years the gender gap between male and female scholars needed to be decreased. In the early 1980s the percentage of the total amount of people with university degrees that were women was barely above 40%. A more alarming fact might be that the percentage with post-graduate degrees was barely above 25% (Ahooja-Patel K. 1979: 217). The majority of women pursuing a degree usually did so in the fine arts category or the education and teacher training fields, many staying away from disciplines such as business or engineering. Although these numbers may seem staggering Sri Lanka has shown some promise in terms of social welfare. Programs are now in place to encourage female education and to decrease the inequalities women face today. In the early 1990s the gender gap between literate males and females was only a 5% difference (Malhotra et al. 1997: 602). Many believe that the more westernized Sri Lanka becomes the more independent the thoughts and wills of women will expand, creating a country of little inequality. Women in the work force today in western society face many barriers; this is after years of trying to refine the social economic status of women. In Sri Lanka, because of its poor economy, employers may have actual complaints that may affect the profitability of their business. In general in Sri Lanka, men are usually preferred over women as employees. Some employers complain that because of the possibility of the need for time off to bear children that it may disrupt the flow of the work force. Many men could feel as though women were being treated with undeserved favoritism, which could cause conflict. Others feel that the financial burden of having to install proper facilities to accommodate women could create too much of a loss that they would not be able to overcome it. The topic of most discussions seems to revolve around the Maternity Amendment Act of 1978, which states that women workers are entitled to six weeks maternity leave with pay. It also states that they are allowed two nursing breaks of one hour each or two breaks of one half hour each when a day care center is available (Ahooja-Patel K. 1979: 219). Women cannot, under the law, be fired for any reason that stems from them being pregnant. An unfortunate fact that is slowly being eradicated is that many women are just not qualified for the jobs that are available in Sri Lanka. Because of the gender gap in education and training that has plagued Sri Lanka for years this trend will surely continue until the inequality has subsided. In many ways Sri Lanka has come very far in terms of gender equality when discussing kinship and education. However, womens economic situation has shown to be less favourable. The people of Sri Lanka acknowledge that women have a place in the work force but financially cannot accommodate them. Until the economic growth of Sri Lanka can develop further, people will continue to have the survival of the fittest kind of attitude, which will continue to alienate and repress the women or Sri Lanka.

Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient Theorem Summary   Ã‚   Euler Totient theorem is a generalized form of Fermats Little theory. As such, it solely depends on Fermats Little Theorem as indicated in Eulers study in 1763 and, later in 1883, the theorem was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. According to Sylvester, the theorem is basically about the alteration in similarity. The term Totient was derived from Quotient, hence, the function deals with division, but in a unique way. In this manner, The Eulers Totient function à Ã¢â‚¬   for any integer (n) can be demarcated, as the figure of positive integers is not greater than and co-prime to n. aà Ã¢â‚¬  (n) = 1 (mod n) Based on Leonhard Eulers contributions toward the development of this theorem, the theory was named after him despite the fact that it was a generalization of Fermats Little Theory in which n is identified to be prime. Based on this fact, some scholarly source refers to this theorem as the Fermats-Euler theorem of Eulers generalization. Introduction I first developed an interest in Euler when I was completing a listener crossword; the concealed message read Euler was the master of the crossword. When I first saw the inclusion of the name Euler on the list of prompt words, I had no option but to just go for it. Euler was a famous mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was acknowledged for his contribution in the mathematics discipline, as he was responsible for proving numerous problems and conjectures. Taking the number theory as an example, Euler successively played a vital role in proving the two-square theorem as well as the Fermats little theorem (Griffiths and Peter 81). His contribution also paved the way to proving the four-square theorem. Therefore, in this course project, I am going to focus on his theory, which is not known to many; it is a generalization of Fermats little theorem that is commonly known as Eulers theorem. Theorem Eulers Totient theorem holds that if a and n are coprime positive integers, then since ÃŽÂ ¦n is a Eulers Totient function. Eulers Totient Function Eulers Totient Function (ÃŽÂ ¦n) is the count of positive integers that are less that n and relatively prime to n. For instance, ÃŽÂ ¦10 is 4, since there are four integers, which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10: 1, 3, 7, 9. Consequently, ÃŽÂ ¦11 is 10, since there 11 prime numbers which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10. The same way, ÃŽÂ ¦6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are relatively prime to 6, but 2, 3, and 4 are not. The following table represents the totients of numbers up to twenty. N ÃŽÂ ¦n 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 6 2 7 6 8 4 9 6 10 4 11 10 12 4 13 12 14 6 15 8 16 8 17 16 18 6 19 18 20 8 Some of these examples seek to prove Eulers totient theorem. Let n = 10 and a = 3. In this case, 10 and 3 are co-prime i.e. relatively prime. Using the provided table, it is clear that ÃŽÂ ¦10 = 4. Then this relation can also be represented as follows: 34 = 81 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mode 10). Conversely, if n = 15 and a = 2, it is clear that 28 = 256 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod 15). Fermats Little Theory According to Liskov (221), Eulers Totient theorem is a simplification of Fermats little theorem and works with every n that are relatively prime to a. Fermats little theorem only works for a and p that are relatively prime. a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) or a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) where p itself is prime. It is, therefore, clear that this equation fits in the Eulers Totient theorem for every prime p, as indicated in ÃŽÂ ¦p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1. Therefore, to prove Eulers theorem, it is vital to first prove Fermats little theorem. Proof to Fermats Little Theorem As earlier indicated, the Fermats little theorem can be expressed as follows: ap à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) taking two numbers: a and p, that are relatively prime, where p is also prime. The set of a {a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(p-1)a}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(i) Consider another set of number {1, 2, 3, 4, 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(p-1a)}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(ii) If one decides to take the modulus for p, each element of the set (i) will be congruent to an item in the second set (ii). Therefore, there will be one on one correspondence between the two sets. This can be proven as lemma 1. Consequently, if one decides to take the product of the first set, that is {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } as well as the product of the second set as {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)}. It is clear that both of these sets are congruent to one another; that is, each element in the first set matches another element in the second set (Liskov 221). Therefore, the two sets can be represented as follows: {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If one takes out the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant equation will be Ap-1 {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If the same equation is divided by {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} when p is prime, one will obtain a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) or a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) It should be clear that each element in the first set should correspond to another element in the second set (elements of the set are congruent). Even though this is not obvious at the first step, it can still be proved through three logical steps as follows: Each element in the first set should be congruent to one element in the second set; this implies that none of the elements will be congruent to 0, as pand a are relatively prime. No two numbers in the first set can be labeled as ba or ca. If this is done, some elements in the first set can be the same as those in the second set. This would imply that two numbers are congruent to each other i.e. ba à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ ca (mod p), which would mean that b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ c (mod p) which is not true mathematically, since both the element are divergent and less than p. An element in the first set can not be congruent to two numbers in the second set, since a number can only be congruent to numbers that differ by multiple of p. Through these three rules, one can prove Fermats Little Theorem. Proof of Eulers Totient Theorem Since the Fermats little theorem is a special form of Eulers Totient theorem, it follows that the two proofs provided earlier in this exploration are similar, but slight adjustments need to be made to Fermats little theorem to justify Eulers Totient theorem (KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek 97). This can be done by using the equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) where the two numbers, a and n, are relatively prime, with the set of figures N, which are relatively prime to n {1, n1. n2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n }. This set is likely to have ÃŽÂ ¦n element, which is defined by the number of the relatively prime number to n. In the same way, in the second set aN, each and every element is a product of a as well as an element of N {a, an1, an2, an3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anÃŽÂ ¦n}. Each element of the set aN must be congruent to another element in the set N (mode n) as noted by the earlier three rules. Therefore, each element of the two sets will be congruent to each other (Giblin 111). In this scenario case, it can be said that: {a x an1 x an2 x an3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. an ÃŽÂ ¦n } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {a x   n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n). By factoring out a and aÃŽÂ ¦n from the left-hand side, one can obtain the following equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n} à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n) If this obtained equation is divided by {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } from both sides, all the elements in the two sets will be relatively prime. The obtained equation will be as follows: a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) Application of the Eulers Theorem Unlike other Eulers works in the number theory like the proof for the two-square theorem and the four-square theorem, the Eulers totient theorem has real applications across the globe. The Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem are commonly used in decryption and encryption of data, especially in the RSA encryption systems, which protection resolves around big prime numbers (Wardlaw 97). Conclusion In summary, this theorem may not be Eulers most well-designed piece of mathematics; my favorite theorem is the two-square theorem by infinite descent. Despite this, the theorem seems to be a crucial and important piece of work, especially for that time. The number theory is still regarded as the most useful theory in mathematics nowadays. Through this proof, I have had the opportunity to connect some of the work I have earlier done in discrete mathematics as well as sets relation and group options. Indeed, these two options seem to be among the purest sections of mathematics that I have ever studied in mathematics. However, this exploration has enabled me to explore the relationship between Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem. I have also applied knowledge from one discipline to the other which has broadened my view of mathematics. Works Cited Giblin, P J. Primes, and Programming: An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics: A Contemporary Interpretation. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print. KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers: From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print. Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pp. 221-221. Wardlaw, William P. Eulers Theorem for Polynomials. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. Print.

Carvers Cathedral Essays -- Essays Papers

Carvers Cathedral Plato’s â€Å"Myth of the Cave† and Carver’s Cathedral provide insight into parallel words. The protagonists in each story are trapped in a world of ignorance because each is comfortable in the dark, and fearful of what knowledge a light might bring. They are reluctant to venture into unfamiliar territory. Fortunately the narrator in the Cathedral is forced by circumstances to take a risk. This risk leads him into new world of insight and understanding. The narrator in â€Å"The Cathedral† begins the story with the issue of hesitation in seeing the light. The light in this story just like the light in Plato’s â€Å"Myth of the Cave† represents reality. The narrator expresses the fear of expressing reality when he said â€Å" I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me. My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing eye-dogs. A blind man in my house was not something I look forward to†. (Page 98). The narrator felt that being blind was like being in a type of prison and the preconceived notion of self-imprisonment was frightening to him. He felt that blindness was exactly like being a prisoner in Plato’s Cave, a scary world where no light ever penetrated. Unfortunately, the husband is imprisoned in his own ignorance. His view of blindness had come from Holly wood’s portrayal of blind people. As far as he is concerned, his situation is completely normal. He knows there are lots of people just like him. In â€Å"The Cathedral† the extent of the husband’s ignorance or naivetà © is extremely irritating. When his wife tells him the beautiful story of the blind man’s romantic relationship with his wife Beulah, all he could think of is â€Å" What a pitiful life this woman must have led. Imagine a woman who could never see herself as she was seen in the eyes of her loved one. A woman who could on day after day and never see the smallest compliment from her beloved. A woman whose husband could never read the expression on her face, be it misery or something better†. (Page 100). But the blind man had sight in the form of intuitiveness. This sight gave him greater vision than the sighted man. The blind man had a sense of and source of reality in the truth and strength of the relationship. This man was unlike the prisoners in the cav... ... when he closes his eyes in order to imagine and draw the cathedral. †Close your eyes now, the blind man said to me. I did it. I closed them just like he said. Are they closed? He said. Don’t fudge. They are closed, I said. Keep them that way, he said. He said, don’t stop now. Draw. So we kept on with it. His fingers rode my fingers as my hand went over the paper. It was nothing else in my life up to now. Then he said, I think that’s it. I think you got it, he said. Take a look. What do you think? But I had my eyes closed. I thought I would keep them that way for a little longer. I thought it was something I ought to do. Well, he said. Are you looking? My eyes were still closed. I was in my house. I knew that. But, I didn’t feel like I was inside anything. It’s really something I said†. (Page 108). By becoming blind he sees clearly how the blind man’s world really is. Being temporarily blind opens his eyes to the world around him. He can understand the handicap, with understanding comes compassion, and the compassion has caused him to develop new insight into the world around him. Interaction with the blind man has allowed him to see, and has removed him from his own personal cave.

The Digital Conversion in Television Essay -- TV Digital Technology DT

The Digital Conversion in Television Introduction Television is now in the process of converting from analog to digital technology. The significance of this change is greater than the introduction of color TV in the 1960’s, but more complicated since conversion will require new equipment for all consumers. Unlike color TV, digital television (DTV) uses a new kind of signal that does not fit within the structure of the old signal. "DTV" refers to a specific standard being implemented in the United States to carry a television signal in digital form through all stages of its transmission, not just for digital equipment such as video tape recorders and satellite receivers that have already been used in conjunction with analog television. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the regulatory authority for the use of DTV. The Commission required TV stations in the top ten markets to begin broadcasting digital signals on separate channels along with their current analog signals. Stations in smaller markets are being phased in, and all commercial stations are expected to broadcast a digital signal by 2002. By 2003, all public stations are expected to go digital. The FCC will allow broadcasters to pull the plug on analog by 2006, although many people in the electronics and communications industries feel that analog TV may persist for a few years longer (Churchill). Digital television is being promoted for three distinct advantages: better picture, better sound, and more functions and flexibility. A digital picture has better color and is free from ghost images and snow. In addition, the DTV format allows for greater resolution than analog TV, a resolution high enough to be known as high definition television (HDTV). Th... ...re/0,1284,14770,00.html>. Mannion, Patrick. "FCC Roadblocks COFDM Petition." Electronic Design 20 Mar. 2000: 32. Academic Search Elite GALILEO. Athens Area Technical Inst. Lib., Athens, GA. 7 May 2000 . Mannion, Patrick. "Last Digital-TV Issues Get Resolved as Industry Gears Up for Prime Time." Electronic Design 17 Apr. 2000: 85-91. Academic Search Elite GALILEO. Athens Area Technical Inst. Lib., Athens, GA. 7 May 2000 . Powell III, Adam Clayton. "Digital Doubts." Reason Apr. 2000: 13-14. Academic Search Elite GALILEO. Athens Area Technical Inst. Lib., Athens, GA. 4 May 2000 . Yang, Catherine, Neil Gross and Richard Siklos. "Digital D-Day." BusinessWeek 26 Oct. 1998. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 6 May 2000 .

Frankenstein vs. the Terminator: Themes of Science, Feminism, and Roman

Author of Frankenstein, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; Born on 30th August 1797-Died on 1st February 1851. In her time she was a British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, a travel-writer and her Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus 1818. Marry Shelley, when she made a conscious decision to produce Frankenstein, she literally collected her own demons together to create her own autobiography in Frankenstein. Her book shows heartbreak towards conception. In other words where she had problems of having children of her own, she wanted to show this in her book. The author of Frankenstein also managed to make it a science-fiction novel of its time as one of the classics. Mary Shelley knew her book would be in trouble if she didn’t go along with her husband Percy’s wishes. When she asked him to edit Frankenstein he did it in hid own style, which she didn’t like. Even though, she was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft the creator of feminism there was still mail dominance in publishing. Percy published her first book anonymously in 1818 They both knew it would be a flop if she went along with her own name therefore Percy took upon himself edit and change the text to suit his own standards before he went along and published it. So by the time it was published there was nothing left to say that she had written the novel. Shelley’s mother Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the very first women to champion equal rights. After her mother’s success with feminism, eventually freedom for women had enabled her to gain authority to her own novel and she was able to republish the novel under her own name in 1831. For my Frankenstein essay I will be focusing on how to critically compare the original text of F... ...the idea of marrying Victor. Elizabeth keeps her character as very girly, flowery and stays week in character through the book. With Sarah’s character she does start with girly character but you can actually see the strength through her personality that the plot has given her to start with. After the terminator shows his face to her she becomes a protector of her son, saver of the future. By the end of the terminator film, Sarah has been shredded all her feminine side what was left of it after sleeping with again from the future male character. , how it drowns to his attention how much he had longed for his sister/future wife to be. Yet he never felt so lonely whilst within her company. Whether it was the fact that the burning desire driven him away. Or just his sheer highly intelligent curiosity got in the way of settling for second best.

Marketing Segmentation Essay

The selection of segmentation method and a doctor’s diagnosis are similar in that they both use a process of elimination to narrow down the field to find the correct product for the customer, or diagnosis for a patient. The doctor begins with a series of questions, and basic testing to â€Å"start segmenting the market†, once the doctor has a better understanding of the possible ailments, the â€Å"product mix† is identified and she is able serve the customer/diagnose the problem. A general doctor begins his assessment with more of a mass marketing effort, meaning there is a huge width and depth of possible diagnosis, but once she is able to narrow down the field she begins to segment. Whereas a specialist, i.e. dermatologist is already working in a segmented market and has the ability to better understand potential and actual customers, from the get. In both cases segmentation helps the doctor to better understand their market and serve their customers well. Describe a products consumer product type and the associated market mix considerations. Clinique even better clinical dark spot remover is a specialty product that I recently purchased. I was willing to purchase this product at a high cost based on the reputation of the brand and the promotional promises of reducing age spots. I immediately thought this product would work because it was Clinique. The marketing mix for this product all fall within the specialty product category. The product is a luxury item, it is more expensive than your average corrective cream, you can only buy it in department stores and the promotion stresses brand status. I would guess this product’s target market is women in their mid-thirties to mid-fifties, above average income, concerned with their health and moderately active. Product – Luxury product Price – Expensive Place – Limited and exclusive, few outlets per market Promotion – Targeted communication, stress brand stratus. â€Å"Price Sensitivity Effects†. 1.Unique Value Effect – A Rolex watch has low price sensitivity and is a product in which the unique attributes of the product are highly valuable. 2.Switching Cost Effect – High costs incurred if switch is made to a different product (low price sensitivity). An example of the switching cost effect with low price sensitivity my bi-annual switch from one Cable Company to their competition. No costs are incurred for me, and the competition typically bends over backwards to get my business. 3.Difficult Comparison Effect – Kodak vs. Nikon would be an example of difficult comparison effect, both brands are reputable and the projects are at a higher price point. I would be more price sensitive when purchasing because they are both great. The brand is known as reputable and comparisons are easy to make, (high price sensitivity) 4.Price-Quality Effect – price used as a signal in judging quality (low). When I purchase soda, I go for the lowest price and look for a sale. 5.Shared-Cost Effect – others will pay for a large portion of the cost of the product. If my company helped to pay for my MBA I would be less sensitive to the pricing, because I wouldn’t have to shoulder the burden of the whole cost.

Film Classification Essay

After a long day’s work we all enjoy siting down in front of the tv screen and get lost in a movie of our choice. In that 1 hour 30 minutes to 2 hours we are lost in an alternative realty. Leaving all the stress of hours past and cheer on as Bruce Wayne puts on the Bat suit and kick some bad guys behind, or watch as Cameroon Diaz ignoring the guy who loves her and falls for a brat who doesn’t treat her right but in the end she ends up with the good guy and love wins. After which we feel better but go back to the real world with your land lord calling you endlessly. Films categorised in different genres depending on the theme and feel of the film. This helps to distinguish between what the film is about and we choose based on what we like. There are a number of types of films and they can be broken down to based on technics and stylistic methods used. In this I shall look at 6 major ones, Action, comedy, Drama, Musicals, Horror, and science fiction. James Bond, The Terminator, Batman, Avengers are all films that have thrilled millions of fans among other movies. This films usually are big budget have losts of stunt, explosions, car chases. They are fast passed, with a lot of gun fights, martial arts, or other forms of violent. Also you can include crime or gangster films, westerns war epics, and westerns. This films are highly charged and are best watched with popcon. Jim Carrey, Ben Stiller are but some of the comedians that have broght laughter to our homes for a while. Comedys is type of films that are funny. Usually filled with either dramatic humor or full on jokes that make as crack up. They are typically light and the plot is not that deep but all in a good time. Recommened to watch with company. Dramas on the other hand have heavy plots. The story drives the film and takes you with it. Titanic, lion King, Forest Gump are just but examples. Drama is probably the biggest type of films out there and you can name a lot of your favourite films in this genre. Recommended to watch with tissue tears might roll down. Musicals are movies that the characters sing instead of just talking through the film. Les Miserables that just came out recently is a perfect example of this types of films. They are very tenichal and fun to watch, it like watching a really long music video. Reccomeneded to watch with a date. The Grudge, Paranormal Activity, The ring, The Saw series are among some of the horror films that have kept us awake. This movies are dark in nature, they tend to provoke our worst fears. Usually very terrifying and highly captivating and deeply shooking. Reccomeneded to watch under a blanket and with the doors shut. And finally science fiction films. Movies are fantasy bassed, highly imaginative more tecknologikally advanced than our present times. Most of the time they are set in the future with projected visions of machines computers and Robots that are not there around right now. Star Wars, Star Trek, Terminator, Iron Man, and I robot are among the films in this genre. Reccomended to watch in any with an open mind. Though this are the basic film types you could break them down even further. There are too many films out there some that can fit in two or more groups. You could go on to break it down depending on style, theme, directing and many more.

Dream Analysis Essay

Most of us have at one time or another experienced a dream, be it a nightmare or a pleasant walk in a forest. Either way, it was always believed that dreams encompass a coded message that might be expressing our hidden wishes, things that happened in the past or even predict the future. In the past, there have been many attempts to unravel the secret hidden behind the dreams and so far the world came up with three main theories of interpreting the dreams (Freudian, Jungian and Cognitive)(Wade, Travis 1998). In this essay I will attempt to analyze my dream by using each of the theories mentioned above, then compare the outcomes as well as their possible connections to my life and in the end determine, which one of these theories is the most accurate and thus as a laic may say the â€Å"best† one. However, I have never believed that my dreams have any meaning and in the course of this analysis I will try to prove that the Cognitive view alone offers the most reasonable explanation of my dreams. My dream had begun on a deserted shore. After a while, I was able to find a little cottage that belonged to a fisherman. I needed from him a boat in order to get to an island (it looked like a great mountain that was rising from the water and was covered with snow). All of a sudden, I sat in the boat with four of my roommates as well as with my father and grandfather. However, only then have we found out that we do not have enough food to get to that island, so we turned our boat back to the harbor. Upon our return, we had gone into a forest that was covering almost all of the land that we were able to see. After a period of time, the length of which I was not able to determine, we have found an arbor and there were many deer running around it. But instead of shooting any of them, I shot an old ugly pig with six bullets. That was the end of my dream. The next day in the morning I wrote it down as soon as I woke up. Sigmund Freud, in his famous book â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams† (1900) presented his new theories about determining the real meaning of our dreams. According to his book, our dreams in their core represent our deepest wishes, desires and instinctual thoughts. However, as these dreams in their original form (latent contents) were unacceptable for our consciousness, the â€Å"censor†(an unconscious mechanism) shaped them into an acceptable and symbolic form (manifest content). These symbols may represent a condensation (combination of many components), a composite (combination of two components), a displacement (part of) or representation (substitute symbol) of latent (original) contents of a dream. However, Sigmund Freud used as well the technique of the free association in order to determine the real meaning of the dream, because sometimes it was not possible to do so by applying the dream work functions (condensation, composite, displacement, representation) only (Freud 1900). To be more specific about the process of analyzing any dream, Freud thought that only those objects and symbols are of significant importance that we forget as soon as few days pass by and our unconscious â€Å"censor† has enough time to erase them from our memory (Freud 1900). When I have compared the two versions of my dream (the one that I put down immediately after waking up and the other one that was written after four days) I found out that the following things and objects were omitted: ?People that were in the boat with me ? Deer around the arbor  ?Six bullets (that I have shot the pig with) The fact, that these objects were omitted signified a fact that they are (from Freudian point of view) of significant importance. People that were in the boat with me were the ones I like and ask for an advice or help. The fact that they were in the boat with me could mean that I need them or perhaps that I will need them sometimes in the future. However, we can explain it also in another way. Perhaps they are just slowing my boat down and therefore I cannot go towards my goals as fast as I would like to. If we take into consideration this explanation of these people in my boat, it could mean that in order to achieve my aims, I need to do it on my own and according to my own opinions. But the deer around the arbor is much greater puzzle than the objects discussed before. It could stand for knowledge that I might need along my way or it could even represent a woman (who I will probably need in the course of my life). However, when I apply that outcome to my present situation, the first outcome (knowledge) is much more probably than the second one. Last things that I have omitted were those six bullets. Number six, according to the common knowledge in my country, is an unlucky number, therefore it could have stood for death, for bad luck or for a bad choice that I have made when I decided to shot that pig and not the deer. It may signify that before I set out for my journey, I may make a bad decision that I will suffer from on my way to the mountain (pork is not as good as venison). However, my Internet source mentioned that number six symbolizes completeness and in some cases it may signalize a conflict in the future (Gifford). As it could be observed, there was used the method of free association mainly in combination with the dream work function of representation. Nevertheless, all of these explanations could have been truth, but in their core they are too general and their meaning is sometimes too ambiguous. Therefore I would not consider the Freudian theory of dream analysis as an accurate way to analyze my dream and thus I may claim that it is irrelevant to use this theory in order to analyze any dream. The Jungian dream analysis is basically based on the analysis of the most powerful image from our dream be it a place, person or even a color (Johnson 2002). Then there is used the method called amplification, when all of the meanings that this image could have had are written down. In the next part of the Jungian dream analysis are all of these possible meanings divided into three main groups (personal, cultural, archetypal). Then the last step is to relate these meanings to the current problems or to the unexpressed aspects of personality (subjective analysis)(Wade, Travis 1998). In my dream the most powerful image had been the mountain that towered itself in the distance. It looked great and it seemed that it is not possible to get on the top of it and that was one of the reasons why I endeavored to get on the very top of it. As it was mentioned in the paragraph above, I have tried to find all of the possible meanings that the mountain might have and divided them into three groups: A. Personal meaning: challenge, goals, endeavors B. Cultural Meaning: nature, strength, eternity, majesty C. Archetypal Meaning: any task that an individual is facing (Gifford) Accordingly to the last part of Jung’s analysis, I tried to relate all of the words mentioned in each of those groups to my personal and present life. However, the cultural meaning as well as the archetypal of the word mountain did not appear to have any connection with my person and therefore I focused mostly on the personal meaning of this word. As it was mentioned in the group A. , mountain represents to me a challenge, exertion of efforts in order to achieve my goals and aims. Also the Internet provided me with an archetypal meaning that was similar to the associations mentioned in the group of â€Å"personal meaning† words. It pointed out that this picture might symbolize a task that I am facing at the moment or that I will encounter in the future (Gifford). At the moment I am a student at the UNYP in the 1st year of the Bachelor Program. Naturally, in case that I want to achieve success, I have to work hard and try to do my best. As we can see, the personal meanings of mountain are really closely interconnected with my present state and therefore we may claim that this dream analysis has provided me with an advice about achieving my goals in the future or at least at school. However, there is a need to ponder for a while about the way Carl Jung analyzes his dreams. When we take any object, be it a table or a water bucket, by constructive thinking and certain associations, we are able to come with all sorts of possible meanings that we can link with some specific part of our life. Therefore, we may say that this way of dream analysis is more accurate than the Freudian (because it has provided me at least with a reasonable advice about my future), but as we could see, the outcomes were too general form me to determine the real meaning of my dream and thus from my perspective is the Jungian dream analysis irrelevant. The last theory about the meaning of our dreams is called the Cognitive View. According to this specific approach, the dreams are just leftover memories, which are randomly reoccurring during our sleep (Wade, Travis 1998). When I tried to find a picture in my memory that would be similar be to my dream, I came with an outcome that was perhaps not that surprising. During my life, I have really been in a boat near an island, which consisted from cliffs only, that towered high above the water surface. My father was there with me as well. This was just a one parallel between my past and my dream. I am sure that, if I will examine my past closely, I would be able to find all of the objects that reappeared in my dream. However, the only difference between my dream and the past was, that the dream, in my opinion, was not just an exact picture that mirrored that past, on the contrary it was a mix of past experiences that have reappeared in my dream. To sum up, the Cognitive View has provided me with a logical explanation in all details of my dream and therefore it is in my opinion better than the other two theories that were used in the previous paragraphs to analyze my dream To compare the usefulness and accuracy of both of these theories (Freudian and Jungian) and the Cognitive view, we have to apply them to our present state, to our past and future plans. As our psychology teacher Mike Johnson pointed out in one of his lectures: â€Å"The best interpretation (of a dream) is the one that has the greatest logical meaning and is mostly helping you to solve these problems. † (Johnson 2002). From this point of view, the best logical and reasonable explanation of my dream has provided the Cognitive View, which, as it was mentioned in the paragraph above, assumes that all of our dreams are just leftover memories. In my personal opinion it is true, because I was truly able to find in that dream of mine certain aspects that belonged to my past. Of course, I am not claiming that the theories of dream analysis of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung that worked for decades are wrong, but in my case the outcome of these two theories was too general as well as obscure for me to believe that they represent the best way of dream analysis. Freud, S. (1900). Interpretation of Dreams: NY, New York. Gifford, T. (n. d. ). Myths Dreams Symbols. Retrieved October 15th, 2002 from http://www. mythsdreamssymbols. com/ Johnson, M. (2002). Lecture, General Psychology, University of New York / Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. Wade, C. & Travis, C. (1998). Psychology (5th Ed. ) New York: Adison Wesley.

Antiphishing

Name: B. sreevidya Rno: 08491D5804 FINDIND & STOPING OF PHISHING ATTACKS THROUGH ONLINE ABSTRACT: Phishing is a new type of network attack where the attacker creates accurate copy of an existing web page to fool users ex submitting personal, financial, or password data to what they think is their service provider’s website. The concept is an anti-phishing algorithm, called the Link Guard, by utilizing the generic characteristics of the hyperlinks in phishing attacks. The link Guard algorithm is the concept for finding the phishing emails sent by the phisher to grasp the information of the end user.Link Guard is based on the careful analysis of the characteristics of phishing hyperlinks. Each end user is implemented with Link Guard algorithm. Existing System: 1) Detect and block the phishing Web sites in time: If we can detect the phishing Web sites in time, we then can block the sites and prevent phishing attacks. But it's difficult to find those phishing sites out in time . There are two methods for phishing site detection. a) The Web master of a legal Web site periodically scans the root DNS for suspicious sites. ) Since the phisher must duplicate the content of the target site, he must use tools to (automatically) download the Web pages from the target site. It is therefore possible to detect this kind of download at the Web server and trace back to the phisher. Drawbacks:-Many phishing attacks simply do not require a DNS name. For phishing download detection, clever phishers may easily write tools 2) Enhance the security of the web sites: The business Websites such as the Web sites of banks can take new methods to guarantee the security of users' personal information.There two method to enhance the security a) Using hardware devices: For example, a hand-held card reader b)Biometrics characteristic: e. g. voice, fingerprint, iris, etc. Drawbacks:-All these techniques need additional hardware and also will increase the cost. Therefore, it still need s time for these techniques to be widely adopted. Block the phishing e-mails by various spam filters: The phishers hide their identities when sending the spoofed e-mails, therefore, if anti-spam systems can determine whether an e-mail is sent by the announced sender the phishing attacks will be decreased dramatically.The techniques that preventing senders from counterfeiting their Send ID (e. g. SIDF of Microsoft) can defeat phishing attacks efficiently. SIDF is a combination of Microsoft's Caller ID for E-mail and the SPF (Sender Policy Framework). Both Caller ID and SPF check e-mail sender's domain name to verify if the e-mail is sent from a server that is authorized to send e-mails of that domain and from that to determine whether that e-mail use spoofed e-mail address. If it's faked, the Internet service provider can then determine that e-mail is a spam e-mail.The spoofed e-mails used by phishers are one type of spam e-mails. the spam filters can also be used to filter those phi shing e-mails. Spam filters are designed for general spam e-mails and may not very suitable for filtering phishing e-mails since they generally do not consider the specific characteristics of phishing attacks. 4) Install online anti-phishing software in user’s computers: Despite all the above efforts, it is still possible for the users to visit the spoofed Web sites. As a last defense, users can install anti-phishing tools in their computers.The anti-phishing tools in use today can be divided into two categories: blacklist/white list based and rule-based. a) When a user visits a Web site, the antiphishing tool searches the address of that site in a blacklist stored in the database. If the visited site is on the list, the anti-phishing tool then warns the users . They cannot prevent the attacks from the newly emerged (unknown) phishing sites. b) Uses certain rules in their software, and checks the security of a Web site according to these rules.Examples Spoof Guard and Trust W atch provide a toolbar in the browsers all the above defense methods are useful and complementary to each other, but none of them are perfect at the current stage. PROPOSED SYSTEM A. Classification of the hyperlinks in the phishing e-mails The hyperlinks used in the phishing e-mail into the following categories: 1) The hyperlink provides DNS domain names in the anchor text, but the destination DNS name in the visible link doesn't match that in the actual link. For instance, the following hyperlink: <a href= â€Å"http://www. profusenet. et/checksession. php†>https://secure. regionset. com/EBanking/logon/ </a> appears to be linked to secure. regionset. com, which is the portal of a bank, but it actually is linked to a phishing site www. profusenet. net. 2) Dotted decimal IP address is used directly in the URI or the anchor text instead of DNS name. For example. <a href= â€Å"http://61. 129. 33. 105/secured-site/www. skyfi. Com/ index. html? MfclSAPICommand=Sig nInFPP&UsingSSL= 1†³> SIGN IN </a> 3) The hyperlink is counterfeited maliciously by using certain encoding schemes.There are two cases: a) The link is formed by encoding alphabets into their corresponding ASCII codes. See below for such a hyperlink. <a href=†http://034%02E%0333%34%2E%311%39%355%2E%o340o31:%34%39%30%33/%6C/%69%6E%64%65%78%2E%68%74%6D†> www. citibank. com </a> While this link is seemed pointed www. citibank. com, it actually points to http://4. 34. 195. 41:34/l/index. htm. b) Special characters (e. g. (in the visible link) are used to fool the user to believe that the e-mail is from a trusted sender.For instance, the following link seems is linked to amazons, but it actually is linked to IP address 69. 10. 142. 34. http://www. amazon. com:[email  protected] 10. 142. 34. 4) The hyperlink does not provide destination information in its anchor text and uses DNS names in its URI. The DNS name in the URI usually is similar with a famous company or organization. For instance, the following link seems to be sent from PayPal, but it actually is not. Since paypal-cgi is actually registered by the phisher to let the users believe that it has something to do with paypal <a href= â€Å"http://www. aypal-cgi. us/webscr. php? Cmd=Login†> Click here to confirm your account </a> 5) The attackers utilize the vulnerabilities of the target Web site to redirect users to their phishing sites or to launch CSS (cross site scripting) attacks. For example, the following link <a href=†http://usa. visa. com/track/dyredirjsp? rDirl=http://200. 251. 251. 10/. verified/†> Click here <a> Once clicked, will redirect the user to the phishing site 200. 251. 251. 10 due to a vulnerability of usa. visa. com. B. LINK GUARD ALGORITHM:LinkGuard works by analyzing the differences between the visual link and the actual link. It also calculates the similarities of a URI with a known trusted site C. LI NK GUARD IMPLEMENTED CLIENT: It includes two parts: a whook. dll dynamic library and a LinkGuard executive. Whook is a dynamic link library; it is dynamically loaded into the address spaces of the executing processes by the operating system. Whook is responsible for collecting data, such as the called links and visual links, the user input URLs. LinkGuard is the key component of the implementation.It’s composed of 5 parts Comm: This collects the information of the input process, and sends these related information’s to the Analyzer. Database: Store the white list, blacklist, and the user input URLs. Analyzer: It is the key component of Link Guard, which implements the Link Guard algorithm; it uses data provided by Comm and Database, and sends the results to the Alert and Logger modules. Alerter: When receiving a warning message from Analyzer, it shows the related information to alert the users and send back the reactions of the user back to the Analyzer.Logger: Archive the history information, such as user events, alert information, for future use. Software And Hardware Specification HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS * Hard disk:20 GB and above * RAM:256 MB and above * Processor speed: 1. 6 GHz and above SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS * Operating System: Windows 2000/XP * Documentation Tool:Ms word 2000 * Technology used : jsp,servlets,Apache Tomact 5. 5 * Database : Oracle XE

Assignment from readings

8-17 Fairfax Recreation Center (Internal Controls at a Fitness Center) The Fairfax Recreation Center is a neighborhood fitness center equipped with an indoor swimming pool, exercise equipment, and a running track. The Center is open seven days a week, from 8:00 A. M. to 10:00 P. M. Stationed just inside the front doors is a turnstile. An employee oversees access through the turnstile. Before anyone can enter the facility, they must either present their membership card or pay a $6 daily fee. When the employee at the turnstile collects cash for daily fees, he or she also has the visitor complete a waiver form. The employee then deposits the cash in a locked box and files the forms. At the end of each day the Recreation Center accountant collects the cash box, opens it, removes the cash, and counts it. The accountant then gives a receipt for the cash amount to the employee on turnstile duty. The accountant takes the cash to the bank each evening. The next morning, the accountant makes an entry in the cash receipts journal for the amount indicated on the bank deposit slip. Susan Porcano, the Fairfax Recreation Center General Manager, has some concerns about the internal controls over cash. However, she is concerned that the cost of additional controls may outweigh the benefits. She decides to ask the organization’s outside auditor to review the internal control procedures and to make suggestions for improvement. Assume that you are the outside auditor. Indicate weaknesses in the existing internal control system over cash admission fees and recommend one improvement for each of the weaknesses you identified. Organize your answers as follows: 9-15. Identify one or more control procedures (either general or application controls, or both) that would guard against each of the following errors or problems. a. Leslie Thomas, a secretary at the university, indicated that she had worked 40 hours on her regular time card. The university paid her for 400 hours worked that week. Apply a separation of duties control. The data processor will input the hours worked and that can be verified by the accounting manager for accuracy. Another control that can be added to this is to establish a limit in the AIS for total hours worked so that no value above that number can be inputted. This will detract from more hours worked being inputted in the first place. b. The aging analysis indicated that the Grab and Run Electronics Company account was so far in arrears that the credit manager decided to cut off any further credit sales to the company until it cleared up its account. Yet, the following week, the manager noted that three new sales had been made to that company—all on credit. Utilization of administrative controls would work in this instance. When designing the IS, there should be the ability to note an account for lack of payment and temporarily suspend the account until necessary action is taken. c. The Small Company employed Mr. Fineus Eyeshade to perform all its accounts receivable data processing. Mr. Eyeshade’s 25 years with the company and his unassuming appearance helped him conceal the fact that he was embezzling cash collections from accounts receivable to cover his gambling losses at the race track. The duel observation control and separation of duties would work here. Have two people document the receivables as they come in and have Mr. , Eyeshades reconcile the accounts based off of that. d. The Blue Mountain Utility Company was having difficulty with its customer payments. The payment amounts were entered directly into a terminal, and the transaction file thus created was used to update the customer master file. Among the problems encountered with this system were the application of customer payments to the wrong accounts and the creation of multiple customer master file records for the same account. The AIS should incorporate an unfound record test and also a check digit control procedure. This will ensure that the account number being entered is correct and that no other file has been produced. e. The Landsford brothers had lived in Center County all their lives. Ben worked for the local mill in the accounts payable department, and Tom owned the local hardware store. The sheriff couldn’t believe that the brothers had created several dummy companies that sold fictitious merchandise to the mill. Ben had the mill pay for this merchandise in its usual fashion, and he wrote off the missing goods as ‘‘damaged inventory. ’’ Ben does not appear to be a manager, so there should be a separation of duties with in the accounts payable department. The documents should be prepared by Ben, but should also be verified by a manger. There should also be internal audits that would bring to light any redundancies on approving officials or names within the organization. 9-16. Identify one or more control procedures (either general or application controls, or both) that would guard against each of the following errors or problems. a. A bank deposit transaction was accidentally coded with a withdrawal code. Feedback mechanism in the form of a receipt will identify this incident. The use of an edit test would check for b. The key-entry operator keyed in the purchase order number as a nine-digit number instead of an eight-digit number. AIS should have a check for the number of digits in that field. If the field is only 8 digits then it should be formatted not allow for anything more or less. c. The date of a customer payment was keyed 2001 instead of 2010. A feedback mechanism such as a payment slip/receipt would be used to verify the information. Also, a reasonable test would be appropriate to ensure that the date is not past a certain value. d. A company employee was issued a check in the amount of ? $135. 65 because he had not worked a certain week, but most of his payroll deductions were automatic each week. An edit test of sign†¦. meaning ensuring that the value was a positive number†¦. rejecting a negative value in the payroll system. e. A patient filled out her medical insurance number as 123465 instead of 123456. Edit test of reasonableness†¦the insurance number field would have to fall within a valid range of values to be accepted. f. An applicant for the company stock option plan filled out her employee number as 84-7634-21. The first two digits are a department code. There is no department 84. Unfound record test would work for this. If the master file is not found for department 84 then the master file would reject the transaction. g. A high school student was able to log onto the telephone company’s computer as soon as he learned what telephone number to call. The use of biometrics wouldn’t allow the student just to know a phone number and be able to log onto computers h. The accounts receivable department sent 87 checks to the computer center for processing. No one realized that one check was dropped along the way and that the computer therefore processed only 86 checks. A batch control document with a list of all the checks that need to be processed is appropriate. On the document will also contain a total dollar amount of all the checks.

Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example . . ."1 In the following paper I would like to discuss Abraham Lincolns policies during the civil war. The discussion will be structured in the way that will shape Presidents motives in actual conducting the war and mostly pointed into defining whether the reasons were to abolish slavery or receive economic benefit. Faced with heavy Union losses and the destructive nature of the war, Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery proponent, gradually adopted slave emancipation as the most prudent means of ending the conflict between North and South, bringing an end to the war, and thus paving the way to a reunited nation. Lincolns role in the destruction of the institution of slavery during the Civil War and afterward is widely accpeted to be the reason of Civil War as the institution of slavery, so instrumental in dividing the nation, provided Linocoln with an effective tool for ending the conflict. Slowly, at a pace too deliberate for most blacks and many Republicans, Linocoln gradually approached emancipation through the Confiscation Acts, compensation plans, and the Emancipation Proclamation (Abbott, 1968). None of these plans provided for immediate or full emancipation. Even the much-touted Emancipation Proclamation excluded slaves in all the border states and in Confederate areas controlled by the Union as of January 1, 1863, offering freedom only to those slaves living in Confederate strongholds--the very areas in which Linocoln could not enforce his proclamation. At best, the Emancipation Proclamation opened the door to freedom, but it left millions still enslaved. Even when war seemed inescapable, Lincoln remained the premier politician and chief adherent to the Constitution regarding the slavery issue; but observers thousands of miles away lacked his keen understanding of these domestic political and legal realities and began to ponder the

Information Sysytems Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Sysytems Discussion Question - Essay Example Also, information systems contain crucial data related to the organization, its employees and the consumers, which cannot be given into the hands of everybody. Only the authorized person should be allowed to manage the information system so that illegal access is controlled (Godara, 2009). 2. If you were setting up websites†¦ Management problems would include poor quality of content provided by the customer; trouble in getting logo and graphics from the client; dealing with a hard client who is never satisfied; payment problems; deadline issues; dealing with host companies; and, error reports from the customer. Dealing with the customer’s ever-changing requirements and developing a good communication platform are also big issues. Organization issues include creating and maintaining the right kind of organizational culture and attitudes; dealing with employee dissatisfaction and politics; coping with insufficient supply of resources; and, organizing project modules. Techno logy issues would include troublesome hardware; old versions of software; and, hardware and software incompatibility. 3.

Pizza Veloce Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pizza Veloce - Term Paper Example To provide convenient solutions for ordering and getting different pizzas Products and Services: The main products that will be offered by Pizza Veloce will be the wide variety of pizzas, most which will be based on genuine, Italian recipes that have been used for several centuries. The products will also include side items and other smaller Italian dishes, as well as desserts and drinks that can be served with the foods. The services that will be available by Pizza Veloce will be inclusive of the ways in which the pizza and other food items can be delivered to the home. The first consists of services available online for easy connections and ordering. The second is based on delivery services that are available for those who don’t want to leave their home and are interested in ordering. The third will be in – house services so individuals have the option of a restaurant like atmosphere. Each of these services will be supported by technological structures for fast delive ry and a structure that enhances the making of the pizzas. Organizational Structure: The first part of the structure will be based on different departments and employees that will be able to provide the pizza making services. The first will be a team of employees for making the pizzas. The second will be a team used for the deliveries. There will also be customer service representatives that will be available for the online services and others that will provide in – store services. There will be one manager that overlook all operations at all times, specifically to make sure that there are connections with all deliveries and that workers are effective with the work. The organizational structure will then move into a CEO responsible for overlooking the main components of the operations, a vice president responsible for initiating new developments and a team that overlooks the expansion of the Pizza Veloce. This will consist of an online and offline marketing manager, human resources manager, technology manager and a liaison which will work between the office team and those who are working at the pizza company. Each of the organizational structure components will also consist of supporting technology, specifically which will change the number of employees as well as the needs which are associated with the restaurant. Expected Revenue The expected revenue that comes with the pizza is based on the amount of demand which can grow from the customer expectations. On average, a small pizzeria can expect to make $10,500 to $18,500 per week, if there is continuous demand. However, there are factors to consider with the costs of the pizzeria. For example, the cost of rent is about $8,000 per month. The cost for employees is also an average of $1200 per person per month, with an expected 5 workers per week, which equals $ per month for payment. The technology used as well as the structure is also expected to cost an average of $10,000 to install and $30,000 for yearly maintenance. The profit per year will then be at an average of $180,000 with the expenses averaging $208,000. For the pizzeria to break even, there will need to be three restaurants which open initially, which will increase the profit to $540,000 while maintaining the loss at $544,000. After the second year, the revenue will begin to gain, first by $10,000 because of the installed technology and with the expected increase in profit. There will also be options to expand the chain to continue to gain the profit after